hkoeck
384 lines
13 KiB
HTML
384 lines
13 KiB
HTML
<!doctype html>
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<html lang="de">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
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<title>HTL Workshop Solutions</title>
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<style>
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:root {
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--bg: #081825;
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--panel: #10273d;
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--panel-soft: #163450;
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--text: #e9f2fb;
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--muted: #b7cbdf;
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--accent: #4ecdc4;
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--easy: #59d68a;
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--medium: #ffd166;
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--hard: #ff7b72;
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--expert: #6fb6ff;
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}
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* {
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box-sizing: border-box;
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}
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body {
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margin: 0;
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font-family: "Fira Sans", "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
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color: var(--text);
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background:
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radial-gradient(circle at 100% 0%, #1f4060 0%, transparent 45%),
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radial-gradient(circle at 0% 100%, #14324a 0%, transparent 35%),
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var(--bg);
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min-height: 100vh;
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padding: 1.2rem;
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}
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main {
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width: min(1150px, 100%);
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margin: 0 auto;
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display: grid;
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gap: 1rem;
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}
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.panel {
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background: var(--panel);
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border: 1px solid #315678;
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border-radius: 14px;
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padding: 1.1rem;
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}
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h1,
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h2,
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h3 {
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margin-top: 0;
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}
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p,
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li {
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color: var(--muted);
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line-height: 1.5;
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}
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a {
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color: var(--accent);
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}
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code {
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background: #0d1f31;
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border: 1px solid #2d4f6e;
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border-radius: 6px;
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padding: 0.1rem 0.35rem;
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}
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pre {
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background: #0b2133;
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border: 1px solid #2b5578;
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border-radius: 10px;
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padding: 0.7rem;
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overflow: auto;
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}
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.top-links {
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display: flex;
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flex-wrap: wrap;
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gap: 0.5rem;
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}
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.pill {
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display: inline-block;
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text-decoration: none;
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background: #11314b;
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border: 1px solid #2a5d84;
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border-radius: 999px;
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padding: 0.35rem 0.75rem;
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}
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.badge {
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display: inline-block;
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border-radius: 999px;
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padding: 0.15rem 0.5rem;
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font-size: 0.8rem;
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font-weight: 700;
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margin-bottom: 0.45rem;
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}
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.easy {
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color: #08210f;
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background: var(--easy);
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}
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.medium {
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color: #312200;
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background: var(--medium);
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}
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.hard {
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color: #3b0905;
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background: var(--hard);
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}
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.expert {
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color: #031c37;
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background: var(--expert);
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}
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details {
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background: var(--panel-soft);
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border: 1px solid #2d5577;
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border-radius: 12px;
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padding: 0.75rem 0.85rem;
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margin-bottom: 0.7rem;
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}
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details:last-child {
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margin-bottom: 0;
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}
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summary {
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cursor: pointer;
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font-weight: 700;
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}
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.kw {
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color: #e9f2fb;
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font-weight: 700;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<main>
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<section class="panel">
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<h1>Solutions Board (detailliert)</h1>
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<p>Hier stehen absichtlich konkrete Musterloesungen mit Snippets, Checks und typischen Stolperfallen.</p>
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<div class="top-links">
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<a class="pill" href="/">Startseite</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/challenges.html">Challenges</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/hints.html">Hints</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/service/a">Backend A</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/service/b">Backend B</a>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Easy - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details open>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 1) Routing verstehen</summary>
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<pre><code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a
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curl http://localhost:8080/service/b</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Erwartete Erklaerung:</span> Nginx matched den Pfad in <code>location</code> und leitet auf den passenden <code>upstream</code> weiter.</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 2) backend-c hinzufuegen</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose (Beispiel):</span></p>
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<pre><code>backend-c:
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image: nginx:1.27-alpine
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container_name: workshop-backend-c
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volumes:
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- ./backends/c:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Nginx (Beispiel):</span></p>
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<pre><code>upstream backend_c {
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server backend-c:80;
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}
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location /service/c {
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proxy_pass http://backend_c/;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto http;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/c</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Hinweis:</span> Stelle sicher, dass <code>backends/c/index.html</code> existiert (Starterdatei liegt bereits im Repo).</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 3) Rewrite Route</summary>
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<pre><code>location = /demo/a {
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proxy_pass http://backend_a/;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl http://localhost:8080/demo/a</code></p>
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</details>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Medium - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 4) Security Headers</summary>
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<pre><code>add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
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add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
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add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer" always;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/</code></p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 5) Interne Route absichern</summary>
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<pre><code>location /internal/status {
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allow 127.0.0.1;
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deny all;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "internal ok\n";
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check (Host):</span> <code>curl -i http://localhost:8080/internal/status</code> (typisch 403)</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Check (Container-intern):</span></p>
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<pre><code>./scripts/compose.sh exec -T reverse-proxy sh -lc "wget -qO- http://127.0.0.1/internal/status"</code></pre>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 6) Logging verbessern</summary>
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<pre><code>log_format workshop '$remote_addr - $request '
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'status=$status upstream=$upstream_addr '
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'rt=$request_time urt=$upstream_response_time';
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access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log workshop;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
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<pre><code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a
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./scripts/compose.sh logs reverse-proxy</code></pre>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 6a) Load Balancing</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose (backend-a2):</span></p>
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<pre><code>backend-a2:
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image: nginx:1.27-alpine
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container_name: workshop-backend-a2
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volumes:
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- ./backends/a2:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Nginx (upstream erweitern):</span></p>
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<pre><code>upstream backend_a {
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server backend-a:80;
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server backend-a2:80;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
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<pre><code>for i in $(seq 1 8); do
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curl -s http://localhost:8080/service/a | grep -o "Target A2\|Target A"
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done</code></pre>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 6b) Header Stripping</summary>
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<pre><code>location /service/a {
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proxy_pass http://backend_a/;
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proxy_hide_header ETag;
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proxy_hide_header Last-Modified;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/service/a</code></p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 6c) Debugging Challenge</summary>
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<p>Kopiere testweise <code>proxy/nginx.broken.conf</code> auf <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code>, behebe die Fehler und stelle danach die funktionierende Konfiguration wieder her.</p>
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<pre><code>cp proxy/nginx.broken.conf proxy/nginx.conf
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make proxy-reload
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./scripts/compose.sh logs reverse-proxy</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> beide Routen funktionieren wieder.</p>
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</details>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Hard (TLS) - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 7) HTTPS mit Easy-RSA</summary>
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<pre><code>mkdir -p certs/easyrsa
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cp -r /usr/share/easy-rsa/* certs/easyrsa/
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cd certs/easyrsa
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./easyrsa init-pki
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./easyrsa build-ca nopass
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./easyrsa gen-req localhost nopass
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./easyrsa sign-req server localhost</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose:</span></p>
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<pre><code>reverse-proxy:
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ports:
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- "8080:80"
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- "8443:443"
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volumes:
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- ./certs/easyrsa/pki:/etc/nginx/pki:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl https://localhost:8443/service/a</code> (ohne <code>-k</code> nach CA-Import)</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 8) HTTP -> HTTPS Redirect</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Voraussetzung:</span> Challenge 7 abgeschlossen (gleiches Config-File weiterverwenden).</p>
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<pre><code>server {
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listen 80;
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server_name _;
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location = /healthz {
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "ok\n";
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}
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location / {
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return 301 https://$host:8443$request_uri;
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}
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/service/a</code></p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 9) TLS Haertung + HSTS</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Voraussetzung:</span> Challenge 7 und 8 abgeschlossen.</p>
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<pre><code>ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
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ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
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add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
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<pre><code>curl -I https://localhost:8443/service/a
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openssl s_client -connect localhost:8443 -servername localhost</code></pre>
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<p>Vollstaendige Referenz: <code>proxy/nginx.tls.example.conf</code></p>
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</details>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Bonus Expert - Wireshark (ausformulierte Referenzloesung)</h2>
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<details open>
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<summary><span class="badge expert">Expert</span> 10) HTTP vs HTTPS sauber analysieren</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Schritt 1 - HTTP Capture:</span></p>
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<ol>
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<li>Interface waehlen: lokal meist <code>lo</code>.</li>
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<li>Capture starten, Filter <code>tcp.port == 8080</code>.</li>
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<li>Request senden: <code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a</code>.</li>
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<li>In "Follow HTTP Stream" zeigen, dass Pfad und Header lesbar sind.</li>
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</ol>
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<p><span class="kw">Schritt 2 - HTTPS Capture:</span></p>
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<ol>
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<li>HTTPS muss vorher laufen (Challenge 7).</li>
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<li>Filter auf <code>tcp.port == 8443</code> oder <code>tls</code> setzen.</li>
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<li>Request senden: <code>curl https://localhost:8443/service/a</code>.</li>
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<li>Pakete markieren: <code>ClientHello</code>, <code>ServerHello</code>, <code>Certificate</code>.</li>
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</ol>
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<p><span class="kw">Schritt 3 - Erwartete Aussagen:</span></p>
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<ul>
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<li>HTTP: URL, Header, Payload sind sichtbar.</li>
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<li>HTTPS: Handshake sichtbar, Nutzdaten ohne Key nicht lesbar.</li>
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<li>Zertifikat im Handshake zeigt, wie der Server seine Identitaet beweist.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><span class="kw">Optional - TLS Decrypt (nur fuer Demo):</span></p>
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<pre><code>export SSLKEYLOGFILE="$HOME/sslkeys.log"</code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>Browser aus derselben Shell starten.</li>
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<li>In Wireshark TLS Preferences -> Key Log File setzen.</li>
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<li>Capture neu laden und Unterschiede vor/nach Keylog zeigen.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><span class="kw">Abgabe (Muster):</span></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Screenshot A: HTTP Stream mit lesbaren Headern.</li>
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<li>Screenshot B: TLS Handshake mit markierten Nachrichten.</li>
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<li>Screenshot C (optional): entschluesselter Stream mit Keylog.</li>
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<li>3-5 Bulletpoints mit eigener technischer Interpretation.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><span class="kw">Typische Fehler:</span> falsches Interface, kein HTTPS aktiv, Browser nicht aus Keylog-Shell gestartet.</p>
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</details>
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</section>
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</main>
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</body>
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</html>
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