hkoeck
79a13f0919
Fachliche Fixes: - Easy-RSA: explizites --subject-alt-name (SAN) ergaenzt, sonst scheitert curl trotz CA-Import - HSTS: max-age auf 3600 reduziert, includeSubDomains erklaert, Warnung zur host-weiten Browser-Falle + Reset-Weg - Challenge 9: Backup-/Restore-Schritte fuer nginx.conf - Compose-Portwechsel: redeploy statt proxy-reload klargestellt - log_format-Platzierung (http-Block) dokumentiert - add_header-Vererbungsfalle erklaert (Ch. 4 + Abgrenzung Ch. 8) Angabe-Struktur (alle 13 Challenges): - Einheitliches Schema: Ausgangszustand, Schritte (Muss), Zielzustand/Akzeptanz, erwartete Done-Check-Ausgaben - Arbeitsweise global geklaert (additiv, Ausnahme Ch. 9, Reset) Robustheit/Kosmetik: - Load-Balancing: eindeutiger INSTANCE-Marker statt fragilem grep - Challenge-3-Titel auf "Alias-Route" korrigiert - HTTPS_PORT in .env.example parametrisiert - Umlaut-Konsistenz (ASCII) Windows-Tauglichkeit: - Klargestellt: Test-Kommandos laufen in WSL bash, nicht PowerShell (curl-Alias-Falle), Stack-Steuerung per Wrapper oder WSL - Wireshark: empfohlener Capture-Weg in WSL (tshark), npcap-Hinweis - CA-Import: Linux-Trust-Store (WSL) vs Windows-Browser (certutil) Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
453 lines
19 KiB
HTML
453 lines
19 KiB
HTML
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<title>HTL Workshop Solutions</title>
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font-weight: 700;
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<main>
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<section class="panel">
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<h1>Solutions Board (detailliert)</h1>
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<p>Hier stehen absichtlich konkrete Musterloesungen mit Snippets, Checks und typischen Stolperfallen.</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Workflow:</span> Nach jeder Konfig-Aenderung mindestens <code>make proxy-reload</code>, bei Compose-Aenderungen <code>make redeploy</code>.</p>
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<div class="top-links">
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<a class="pill" href="/">Startseite</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/challenges.html">Challenges</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/hints.html">Hints</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/solutions.html">Solutions</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/service/a">Backend A</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/service/b">Backend B</a>
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<a class="pill" href="/challenges.html#challenge-2-backend-c">Backend C (ab C2)</a>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Easy - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 1) Routing verstehen</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> nur lesen: <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a
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curl http://localhost:8080/service/b</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Erwartete Erklaerung:</span> Nginx matched den Pfad in <code>location</code> und leitet auf den passenden <code>upstream</code> weiter.</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 2) backend-c hinzufuegen</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>docker-compose.yml</code>, <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code>, <code>backends/c/index.html</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose (Beispiel):</span></p>
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<pre><code>backend-c:
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image: nginx:1.27-alpine
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container_name: workshop-backend-c
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volumes:
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- ./backends/c:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Nginx (Beispiel):</span></p>
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<pre><code>upstream backend_c {
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server backend-c:80;
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}
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location /service/c {
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proxy_pass http://backend_c/;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto http;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/c</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Hinweis:</span> Stelle sicher, dass <code>backends/c/index.html</code> existiert (Starterdatei liegt bereits im Repo).</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge easy">Easy</span> 3) Alias-Route /demo/a</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>location = /demo/a {
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proxy_pass http://backend_a/;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl http://localhost:8080/demo/a</code></p>
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</details>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Medium - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 4) Security Headers</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
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add_header X-Frame-Options "DENY" always;
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add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
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add_header Permissions-Policy "camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=()" always;
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add_header Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy "same-origin" always;
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add_header Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy "same-origin" always;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Platzierung:</span> in den <code>server {}</code>-Block, damit alle Locations sie erben. Sobald eine Location ein eigenes <code>add_header</code> hat, verwirft Nginx dort die Server-Header und sie muessen wiederholt werden.</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Optional CSP (statisch, inline styles erlaubt):</span></p>
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<pre><code>add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data:; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'none'; frame-ancestors 'none'" always;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/</code></p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 5) Interne Route absichern</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>location /internal/status {
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allow 127.0.0.1;
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deny all;
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "internal ok\n";
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check (Host):</span> <code>curl -i http://localhost:8080/internal/status</code> (typisch 403)</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Check (Container-intern):</span></p>
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<pre><code>./scripts/compose.sh exec -T reverse-proxy sh -lc "wget -qO- http://127.0.0.1/internal/status"</code></pre>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 6) Logging verbessern</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Platzierung:</span> <code>log_format</code> muss in den <code>http {}</code>-Block (sonst startet Nginx nicht). <code>access_log</code> darf in <code>http</code>, <code>server</code> oder <code>location</code>.</p>
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<pre><code>log_format workshop '$remote_addr - $request '
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'status=$status upstream=$upstream_addr '
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'rt=$request_time urt=$upstream_response_time';
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access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log workshop;</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
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<pre><code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a
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./scripts/compose.sh logs reverse-proxy</code></pre>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 7) Load Balancing</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>docker-compose.yml</code>, <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code>, <code>backends/a2/index.html</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose (backend-a2):</span></p>
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<pre><code>backend-a2:
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image: nginx:1.27-alpine
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container_name: workshop-backend-a2
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volumes:
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- ./backends/a2:/usr/share/nginx/html:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Nginx (upstream erweitern):</span></p>
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<pre><code>upstream backend_a {
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server backend-a:80;
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server backend-a2:80;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
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<pre><code>for i in $(seq 1 8); do
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curl -s http://localhost:8080/service/a | grep -o "INSTANCE=[A-Za-z0-9]*"
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done</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Marker:</span> Backend A/A2 enthalten unsichtbar <code><!-- INSTANCE=A --></code> bzw. <code>INSTANCE=A2</code>. <code>[A-Za-z0-9]*</code> matched das ganze Token (kein Prefix-Problem A vs. A2).</p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 8) Response Header Minimization</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Abgrenzung zu #4:</span> #4 fuegt Schutz-Header hinzu, #8 entfernt unnoetige Upstream-Metadaten.</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Gut zu wissen:</span> <code>proxy_hide_header</code> ist kein <code>add_header</code> → es loest die Vererbungsfalle aus #4 nicht aus. Die Server-Header bleiben in dieser Location erhalten.</p>
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<pre><code>location /service/a {
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proxy_pass http://backend_a/;
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proxy_hide_header ETag;
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proxy_hide_header Last-Modified;
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/service/a</code></p>
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</details>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge medium">Medium</span> 9) Debugging Challenge</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.broken.conf</code>, <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Ablauf:</span> Zuerst die eigene Config sichern (diese Challenge ueberschreibt sie!), dann die kaputte aktivieren, Fehler beheben und am Ende die eigene Config wiederherstellen.</p>
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<pre><code>cp proxy/nginx.conf proxy/nginx.conf.bak # 1. eigene Config sichern
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cp proxy/nginx.broken.conf proxy/nginx.conf # 2. kaputte aktivieren
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make proxy-reload
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./scripts/compose.sh logs reverse-proxy # 3. Fehler finden + fixen</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Am Ende eigene Config zurueck:</span></p>
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<pre><code>cp proxy/nginx.conf.bak proxy/nginx.conf
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make proxy-reload</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Konkrete Fehler und Fixes:</span></p>
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<ol>
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<li><span class="kw">Upstream-Mismatch:</span> <code>backend_a_typo</code> ist definiert, aber <code>backend_a</code> wird referenziert -> Namen angleichen.</li>
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<li><span class="kw">Falscher Port:</span> <code>backend-a:8080</code> -> auf <code>backend-a:80</code> korrigieren.</li>
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<li><span class="kw">Pfadfehler:</span> in <code>/service/b</code> fehlt der Trailing Slash bei <code>proxy_pass</code> -> <code>proxy_pass http://backend_b/;</code>.</li>
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</ol>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> beide Routen funktionieren wieder.</p>
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<pre><code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a
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curl http://localhost:8080/service/b
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./scripts/compose.sh logs reverse-proxy</code></pre>
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</details>
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</section>
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<section class="panel">
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<h2>Hard (TLS) - Musterloesungen</h2>
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 10) HTTPS mit Easy-RSA</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>docker-compose.yml</code>, <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code>, <code>certs/easyrsa/*</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>mkdir -p certs/easyrsa
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cp -r /usr/share/easy-rsa/* certs/easyrsa/
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cd certs/easyrsa
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./easyrsa init-pki
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./easyrsa build-ca nopass
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./easyrsa gen-req localhost nopass
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./easyrsa --subject-alt-name="DNS:localhost,IP:127.0.0.1" sign-req server localhost</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Compose:</span></p>
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<pre><code>reverse-proxy:
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ports:
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- "${HTTP_PORT:-8080}:80"
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- "${HTTPS_PORT:-8443}:443"
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volumes:
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- ./certs/live:/etc/nginx/certs:ro,z</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Wichtig:</span> Nicht die komplette PKI in den Container mounten. Nur Runtime-Zertifikat + Key bereitstellen.</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Deploy:</span> Port- und Volume-Aenderungen sind Compose-Aenderungen → <code>make redeploy</code> (nicht <code>make proxy-reload</code>), sonst greift der neue Port nicht.</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Nginx TLS-Pfade:</span> <code>ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/localhost.crt;</code> und <code>ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/certs/localhost.key;</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl https://localhost:8443/service/a</code> (ohne <code>-k</code> nach CA-Import)</p>
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</details>
|
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<details>
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 11) HTTP -> HTTPS Redirect</summary>
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<p><span class="kw">Voraussetzung:</span> Challenge 10 abgeschlossen (gleiches Config-File weiterverwenden).</p>
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<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
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<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
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<pre><code>server {
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listen 80;
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server_name _;
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location = /healthz {
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default_type text/plain;
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return 200 "ok\n";
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}
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location / {
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return 301 https://$host:8443$request_uri;
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}
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}</code></pre>
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<p><span class="kw">Check:</span> <code>curl -I http://localhost:8080/service/a</code></p>
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</details>
|
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<details>
|
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<summary><span class="badge hard">Hard</span> 12) TLS Haertung + HSTS</summary>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Voraussetzung:</span> Challenge 10 und 11 abgeschlossen.</p>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> <code>proxy/nginx.conf</code></p>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
|
|
<pre><code>ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
|
|
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
|
|
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=3600; includeSubDomains" always;</code></pre>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Check:</span></p>
|
|
<pre><code>curl -I https://localhost:8443/service/a
|
|
openssl s_client -connect localhost:8443 -servername localhost</code></pre>
|
|
<p>Vollstaendige Referenz: <code>proxy/nginx.tls.example.conf</code></p>
|
|
</details>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section class="panel">
|
|
<h2>Bonus Expert - Wireshark (ausformulierte Referenzloesung)</h2>
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
<summary><span class="badge expert">Expert</span> 13) HTTP vs HTTPS sauber analysieren</summary>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Dateien:</span> keine Pflicht-Datei; optional Wireshark Settings und Keylog-Datei</p>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Commands noetig:</span> ja</p>
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Schritt 1 - HTTP Capture:</span></p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Interface waehlen: lokal meist <code>lo</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Capture starten, Filter <code>tcp.port == 8080</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Request senden: <code>curl http://localhost:8080/service/a</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>In "Follow HTTP Stream" zeigen, dass Pfad und Header lesbar sind.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Schritt 2 - HTTPS Capture:</span></p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>HTTPS muss vorher laufen (Challenge 10).</li>
|
|
<li>Filter auf <code>tcp.port == 8443</code> oder <code>tls</code> setzen.</li>
|
|
<li>Request senden: <code>curl https://localhost:8443/service/a</code>.</li>
|
|
<li>Pakete markieren: <code>ClientHello</code>, <code>ServerHello</code>, <code>Certificate</code>.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Schritt 3 - Erwartete Aussagen:</span></p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>HTTP: URL, Header, Payload sind sichtbar.</li>
|
|
<li>HTTPS: Handshake sichtbar, Nutzdaten ohne Key nicht lesbar.</li>
|
|
<li>Zertifikat im Handshake zeigt, wie der Server seine Identitaet beweist.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Optional - TLS Decrypt (nur fuer Demo):</span></p>
|
|
<pre><code>export SSLKEYLOGFILE="$HOME/sslkeys.log"</code></pre>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Browser aus derselben Shell starten.</li>
|
|
<li>In Wireshark TLS Preferences -> Key Log File setzen.</li>
|
|
<li>Capture neu laden und Unterschiede vor/nach Keylog zeigen.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Abgabe (Muster):</span></p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>Screenshot A: HTTP Stream mit lesbaren Headern.</li>
|
|
<li>Screenshot B: TLS Handshake mit markierten Nachrichten.</li>
|
|
<li>Screenshot C (optional): entschluesselter Stream mit Keylog.</li>
|
|
<li>3-5 Bulletpoints mit eigener technischer Interpretation.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p><span class="kw">Typische Fehler:</span> falsches Interface, kein HTTPS aktiv, Browser nicht aus Keylog-Shell gestartet.</p>
|
|
</details>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</main>
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|